Exam Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exam - Case Study Example From this belief, they are able to cope with their social identity as perceived by other people. On the other hand, people with discreditable stigma assume that they stigma is not known and cannot be directly identified (Shana & Collete 63). They are able to protect their stigma from their normal social identity. This allows them to decrease their stigma. The self-fulfilling prophecy enable people with different behavior create their preferred societal perception. Enacting the prophecy and responding to societal influence enables people with different behavior to increase a normal society perception on them (Leflot, Onghena & Colpin 390) People with physical disabilities are able to see that they are different and not normal as compared to other people. Cox et.al is of the assumption that this perception develops a negative self-concept (430). The individual view themselves as less effective and social fit. Learning process as directly linked with the abilities of a person to child to fit in a specific environment. For instance, a child with autism may be placed in a different classroom environment from normal children (Keller 98). In addition, a person from a poor background may not be enrolled in educational institutions that provide top quality learning experiences. A self-advocacy framework may improve the abilities of people with disabilities to become significant members of the society. Through the framework, people with disabilities should be provided with self-knowledge abilities, knowledge of rights, communication and leadership skills (Marsh & Martin 60). This skills increase the effectiveness of people with disabilities to take part in professional practices. Fatness should not be perceived as a disability. In an argument by Keller being overweight cannot be perceived as a disability since it may be caused by a lifestyle that can be avoided (56). In addition, most cases of disabilities like autism require special medical attention and

Economics 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics 2 - Essay Example Recognizing that economies are fast becoming more integrated and consolidated through the number of transactions conducted within borders, our company has started to look at the events in the global market which could affect our operations. It has began to recognize that the competition is global and that competitiveness should be enhanced in order to be at par with larger global players. This called for the installment of world best practices. How does a government budget surplus affect the economy? How does a government budget deficit affect the economy? During what periods in recent history have the U.S. run budget deficits and budget surpluses? A budget surplus indicates that a company is spending less than what it earns while a budget deficit represents the opposite. In the condition of a budget surplus, the economy is affected as consumption is seen to be lower than expected and the government often needs to stimulate spending by allowing consumers to have lesser taxes. On the other hand, a budget deficit implies that the government will need to borrow money in order to fund its expenditures. The government also often levies tax increase in order to finance its projects. In the United States, budget deficit have been observed from 1993 to 1996 while budget surplus occurs in 1998. Argue in favor of deficit spending on the part of the federal government. Then argue in favor of running government budget surpluses. List the positive and negative aspects of each. Then indicate which policy would be best at this time. A budget deficit is a very potent way in allowing consumers to save. It should be noted that during a budget deficit, customers anticipate that debt will be paid off through additional taxes in the future. Thus, in order to be able to pay these off, they will be motivated to save. On the other hand, budget surplus is recommended because the government will not need additional fund which is often acquired through borrowing from the

Assesed Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Assesed Assignment - Essay Example RS suggested to AM that the court do not look favourably upon parents who just want to keep on fighting; clearly that sort of behaviour is detrimental to the children. Children’s Wishes and Feelings AM seemed to be of the view that he had a right to see his children; RS explained that contact is always for the benefit of the children – they have the right to contact if it is in their best interests. The CAFCASS officer, Mrs Smith, recorded in her report that the children were mature enough to understand the dispute. Simon and Lily made their decisions clearly and eloquently that they did want to see AM although wished their grandmother to be present throughout contact. They also desire to continue living with their mother. AM believes that his wife has ‘poisoned’ Simon and Lily against him and that is why they have told Mrs Smith that they wish to remain with their mother and have supervised contact. RS explained to AM that this is not the issue – th e child psychologist confirmed that the children have suffered harm. Evidence RS explained that the court will hear AM’s evidence and he will have his say, albeit unrepresented, although the court will also hear from Mrs Morris and the instructed expert’s recommendations. ... The reasons given in the report were that the children are settled with Mrs Morris in their home and at their school. Mrs Smith believes that they may be at risk of harm if they did not live with their mother. AM strongly objected to the suggestion that he had harmed his children. RS drew AM to Mrs Smith’s report where she states that she has seen the evidence in Mrs Morris’ statement, the casualty report, GP report and neighbour`s evidence which all support Mrs Morris’ statement of domestic abuse. This of course, hinges on the issue of the injunction which does not look favourably upon AM. We are confident that we will be able to show that it is in Simon and Lily’s best interests for residence to be granted to Mrs Morris. Contact RS attempted to negotiate a contact arrangement that is in the best interests of the children. RS suggested contact be supervised in accordance with the recommendations within the CAFCASS report, taking into account the childrenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s wishes and feelings. Simon and Lily would be happy with their paternal grandmother being present during contact. RS made AM aware that the Local Authority are stating that they would become involved with the family if the children were to have anything other than supervised contact. RS asked AM if he had any suggestions of his own for contact. He suggested weekends and overnight stays at the weekend. *see below Supervised Contact heading. RS proposed that Mrs Morris take the children to AM’s mother’s house and she will take the children to AM’s house for 3 hours on a Saturday between 1pm and 4pm. AM stated that he would agree if he could pay half of the child support he currently pays and that the injunction

Hart & Dworkin Essay Example for Free

Hart Dworkin Essay H. L. A. Hart’s concept of legal positivism was heavily influenced by Austin. However, he breaks with Austinian positivism at three vital junctures. First, he believed that the sovereign law giver is defined by his office rather than being a person who has secured the habit of obedience. Second authority is vested in rule of recognition instead of through the threat sanctions. Finally, Hart believed that laws expand liberty rather than limit it. In a nutshell Hart’s Philosophy of Law builds upon the Command Law Theory established by Austin, corrects its errors and establishes its own doctrines. In his essay â€Å"Sovereign and Subject†, Hart proposed that the habit of obedience does not account for the relationship between subject and sovereign. This inclination to, or habit of obedience, propounded by Austin, asserts that there exists a relationship between a subject and his sovereign. Where this relationship exists we speak of a society. However, since the habit of obedience is a habit backed by threats, it differs little from the idea a gunman coercing a person to give him his purse. Hart opines that a law’s validity does not depend on the existence of social rules. Instead laws exist to promote social order. Hart contributes his conceptual analysis theory to jurisprudence of legal formalism. He postulates that jurisprudence aims to give analysis of the uses to which the concept of law is put in various social practices. Given that all rules have a penumbra of uncertainty, a judge must often choose between alternatives. Simply put, Hart takes legal thought beyond the simplistic Command Theory. To him a law can be valid despite its moral invalidity and sans any coercion backed by threats. Such views on the law can be seen today in the USA Patriot Act. This is morally reprehensible because of the many provisions that potentially violate citizens’ rights. However it is still a valid law promoting the security of American society at large. As a legal naturalist Ronald Dworkin rejects positivism. His chief objection is that moral principles can be binding by virtue of the fact that they express an appropriate dimension of justice and fairness. He espouses the belief that in interpreting the meaning of valid legal rules, it is often necessary to consult moral principles. Curiously, a posthumous edition of Hart’s seminal A Concept of Law gives space to Hart’s response to Dworkin’s criticism of Legal Positivism. In contrast to Hart, Dworkin believes that law is not simply a matter of rules. Moral principles are law even if they are not identified under the rule of recognition. Moral principles can also be said to be law because they have dimensions of justice. As opposed to Hart, Dworkin’s theory on jurisprudence is that judges appeal to binding legal standards that are more discretionary than hard and fast rules. An example is the gravamen of guilt beyond reasonable doubt. Instead of simply relying on their discretion, a judge uses jurisprudence to form a body of as yet unwritten legal standards to back up their decisions. To summarize, Dworkin champions the cause of Legal Naturalism: that laws must appeal to morality to have legal validity. Many of today’s penal laws can be said to espouse Legal Naturalism.

compost :: essays research papers

Compost is an easy solution to eliminating the waste that our environment brings, while at the same time, providing many benefits to us, and the environment. By using compost, it improves our plant growth by enriching the soil that it drinks its nutrients from. It helps us avoid buying soil amendments such as peat, bark mulch and bagged manure. Compost also loosens the heavy clay that is in our soil, while improving the capacity to hold water and adding essential nutrients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only benefiting us, our involvement in making compost benefits the environment also. As if we already don’t have enough garbage filling our landfills, we certainly don’t need our yard waste to waste any more space when we can so easily handle it ourselves. Compost helps reduce the volume it could contribute to landfills. Why put it into the earth that way, when we can enrich it by turning our yard waste into a natural fertilizer? It also helps prevents us from purchasing pesticides and chemical fertilizers that could further damage the environment and the animals around us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compost is really easy; all that is needed is some fresh yard debris and rain. By yard debris, it includes the following: grass clippings, leaves, flowers, weeds, twigs, sawdust, eggshells and dryer lint. What we DO NOT want to compost is dairy products, meat scraps, animal fats, bones, dog and cat feces and diseased plants or fruits. These materials may attract dogs, rats or other animals. They may also develop an unpleasant odor during decomposition Weed plants heavily laden with seeds might be better left out of the compost pile if the compost is to be returned to the garden. Even though some seeds are killed during composting, there is the chance that some seeds will survive and create an unnecessary weed problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are fast and slow methods of composting. The speed that compost forms all depends on the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, surface area of particles, aeration, moisture, and temperature. Controlling these factors along with frequent turning of the compost speeds up the process. The fast composing methods depend on use of turning units. They can create good compost in less than six weeks, depending on how the compost pile is managed. The materials for fast composting should be added in larger quantities than many small amounts. In the slow method, material may be added to the enclosure at any time.

Mind and True Feelings Essay

In the book Grendel, the author made the decision to use the character Grendel as the narrator. He knew that the readers would understand more about Grendel’s feelings. To know the real Grendel, you need to read it from his point of view, not anyone else’s. The story made more sense because it was written in stream of consciousness. Stream of consciousness means that the author writes down everything that he is thinking. In Grendel we got to read everything from his heart, his true feelings about everything. The story would have been really different if we hadn’t gotten to see who he was and what he was all about. Grendel from the book was a totally different Grendel from Beowulf. In Beowulf we see Grendel as an evil monster that wanted to kill everyone and had no feelings. But we know that he did have true feelings for people and for himself. â€Å"My head aches† (page 13), is an example of something we would have never known by watching the movie. We also know that he cared deeply about his mother and other people. We also would have never known that he was actually very intelligent and could speak. â€Å"I sobbed as if heartbroken† (page 19). We know that he had a heart; a real monster wouldn’t have a heart. He was sad because he didn’t have the life that he wanted; everyone was happy but he wasn’t. With everything that we know about Grendel and his feelings is all stuff that we learned from the book, not from the movie. The movie basically told us the opposite of what was true about him. We would have never known this stuff if the author wouldn’t have written in the stream of consciousness. Grendel had many feelings that we did not know about in Beowulf that we learned about in the book. In the movie we got the idea that he was a horrible monster who didn’t care about anything or anyone. Beowulf told the story from the dans point of view not Grendel’s. So by John Gardner choosing to use stream of consciousness we really saw who Grendel was. Grendel seems way more human in the book rather than the movie. â€Å"I laughed my ankle was numb; my leg was on fire to the hip† (page 21). Only a real human could feel pain and sorrow like that. Everyone hated him and wanted him dead because they thought he was such a horrible monster, but he couldn’t help it. He didn’t pick the way he looks; that’s just how he was created. In the end, he was just in so much pain he didn’t know what to do with his life anymore. So that’s why I’m happy that the author choose this form of writing because we understood who he was and what he was. Not just some monster who wanted to kill everyone. If the Danes could have seen him like we did I think that that would have changed their whole look about him. Those are all the reasons why I think that the stream of consciousness was a way better form of writing rather than formal writing. This is also why I think that we see Grendel more human than monster and understood him better. I sympathize him more this way and feel sorry for him because everyone hated him for the way that he looked. I think the author choose this way because he knew that we would understand him more. That’s why if he would have chosen formal writing everything would have been more confusing and hard to understand.

The Species At Risk Act Environmental Sciences Essay

The Speciess at Risk Act ( SARA ) was proclaimed in June 2003, and is one portion of a three portion Government of Canada scheme for the protection of wildlife species at hazard. This three portion scheme besides includes committednesss under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk and activities under the Habitat Stewardship Program for Species at Risk. In add-on, it complements bing Torahs and understandings to supply for the legal protection of wildlife species and preservation of biological diverseness. The Act aims to forestall wildlife species from going nonextant, and to procure the necessary actions for their recovery. The Act recognises that the protection of wildlife species is a joint duty and that all Canadians have a function to play in the protection of wildlife. It applies to all federal lands in Canada ; all wildlife species listed as being at hazard ; and their critical home ground. Please view the followers for a more elaborate sum-up of the Act ‘s: Aim The intents of the Act are to forestall Canadian autochthonal species, races, and distinguishable populations from going extirpated or nonextant, to supply for the recovery of endangered or threatened species, and promote the direction of other species to forestall them from going at hazard. More specifically, the Act will: set up the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) as an independent organic structure of experts responsible for measuring and placing species at hazard ; require that the best available cognition be used to specify long and short-run aims in a recovery scheme and action program ; create prohibitions to protect listed threatened and endangered species and their critical home ground ; acknowledge that compensation may be needed to guarantee equity following the infliction of the critical home ground prohibitions ; make a public register to help in doing paperss under the Act more accessible to the populace ; and be consistent with Aboriginal and pact rights and respect the authorization of other federal curates and provincial authoritiess. SARA is a consequence of the execution of the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy, which is in response to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The Act provides federal statute law to forestall wildlife species from going nonextant and to supply for their recovery. Process Chart 1. Monitoring starts with an stock list of wildlife species to acquire an thought of the population position and tendency, its ecological map, and a manner of tracking information. As a consequence, the Minister publishes the study on the general position of wildlife species, every 5 old ages. 2. The species assessment procedure is conducted by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) . Based on the position study, they use a commission of experts to carry on a species appraisal and delegate the position of a wildlife species believed to be at some grade of hazard nationally. 3. In response to an appraisal and position appellation, the Minister issues a response statement. This papers reflects the jurisdictional committedness to action and acts as a start to the national recovery procedure. 4. A recovery scheme outlines what is scientifically required for the successful recovery of a species at hazard. This includes an designation of its critical home ground and what demands should be addressed. An action program so identifies those specific actions needed to assist in the species recovery as identified in the recovery scheme. This includes the assorted undertakings and activities with associated timelines. 5. Evaluation plans are carried out against the ends and aims of the recovery scheme and action program, where they are most effectual. As a consequence, the Minister must bring forth an one-year study on the disposal and execution of the Act. Monitoring, appraisal, response, recovery, and rating are ongoing procedures that are taken to better the species position and ecosystem. Responsible Governments This subdivision provides information on the functions and duties of the cardinal sections, commissions, and councils tasked with transporting out activities under the Act. In general, the Minister of Environment is responsible for the overall disposal, except when the Act gives duty to the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. Department of Environment Department of Fisheries and Oceans Parks Canada Agency Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk Department of Environment The Minister of Environment is responsible for the overall coordination of the federal species at hazard scheme, including the execution of federal activities in support of the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada ( the Accord ) , the disposal of the Habitat Stewardship Program for species at hazard, and the Interdepartmental Recovery Fund. The Minister of Environment is besides responsible for the protection and recovery of migratory birds and species at hazard on federal lands other than those under the duty of the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans or those persons under the duty of Parks Canada Agency. Under the Accord, it is understood that the states and districts will set about actions and enforce prohibitions for the preservation of species at hazard under their legal power. In add-on, the Minister of the Environment is responsible for the induction and facilitation of multi-jurisdictional recovery squads, and for organizing the development of recovery schemes for species necessitating the engagement of more than one legal power. The Minister of the Environment will try to come in into understandings with states and districts for them to develop recovery schemes for species under their direction duty. Visit the Environment Canada website & A ; gt ; Department of Fisheries and Oceans The Minister of Fisheries and Oceans is responsible for the protection and recovery of aquatic species at hazard under federal legal power, other than persons under the duty of the Minister of the Environment in the instance of persons found on National Wildlife Areas, and Parks Canada Agency. The Minister is responsible for implementing the necessary preservation and protection steps under the Species at Risk Act for aquatic species on the legal protection list. Aquatic species to be protected includes fish or Marine works species defined as such under the federal Fisheries Act, and those which have been assessed against COSEWIC ‘s categorization standards. The Minister will work closely with both the Minister of Environment and Parks Canada Agency, to guarantee common and consistent attacks within the federal authorities to protecting species at hazard. Visit the Department of Fisheries and Oceans website & amp ; gt ; Parks Canada Agency Parks Canada Agency is responsible for the development of recovery schemes for those species that occur in Canada chiefly in national Parkss, national historic sites and other federal protected heritage countries under the authorization of the Minister. The Minister is besides responsible for the direction and recovery of species found in national Parkss and lands administered by the Minister. Visit the Parks Canada Agency website & A ; gt ; Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council The Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council ( CESCC ) consists of the Minister of the Environment, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, and Curates of the provincial / territorial authoritiess who are responsible for the preservation and direction of a wildlife species in that state or district. The function of CESCC is to supply general way on the activities of COSEWIC ; organize the activities of the assorted authoritiess represented on the Council relating to the protection of species at hazard ; and seek and see advice and recommendations from the National Aboriginal Council on species at hazard. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada ( COSEWIC ) provides advice to authorities on the position of wildlife species and was established for the first clip as a legal entity under the Species at Risk Act. COSEWIC is composed of qualified wildlife experts drawn from the federal, provincial, and territorial authoritiess, wildlife direction boards, Aboriginal groups, universities, museums, national non-governmental organisations and others with expertness in the preservation of wildlife species in Canada. Members are appointed by the Minister of Environment after audience with the Council ( CESCC ) and appropriate experts. COSEWIC operates at arm ‘s length from authorities in an unfastened and crystalline procedure, keeping impartial scientific and adept opinion in its appraisal of wildlife species. The function of COSEWIC is to measure and sort the position of wildlife species utilizing the best available information on the biological position of a species, including scientific cognition, community cognition, and Aboriginal traditional cognition. COSEWIC classifies wildlife species and studies to the CESCC. Visit the COSEWIC website & A ; gt ; National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk The National Aboriginal Council on Species at Risk ( NACOSAR ) is an consultative council comprised of six representatives of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada selected by the Minister of Environment based upon recommendations from Aboriginal organisations that the Minister considers appropriate. The function of the Council is to rede the Minister on the Administration of the Act and supply advice and recommendations to the Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council ( CESCC ) under subdivision 8.1 and 8.2 of the Speciess at Risk Act ( SARA ) . 2 ) infusion from the Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 2008 March Status Report of the Commissioner of Environment and Sustainable Development, Chapter 5 Ecosystems – Protection of Speciess at Risk ( viewed Feb. 11, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_cesd_200803_05_e_30131.html Main Points What we examined As of June 2007, there were 389 species in Canada listed as at hazard on Schedule 1 of the 2002 Speciess at Risk Act. Under the Act, the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans are responsible for fixing recovery schemes, action programs, and direction programs for species at hazard for which they are the competent curate. In 2001, we found that there was a demand for better baseline information to enable the authorities to efficaciously pull off species at hazard. We recommended that Environment Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Parks Canada develop a comprehensive stock list of species at hazard under their legal power and guarantee that recovery schemes for these species be developed and implemented. The three organisations agreed with our recommendations. Although our 2001 audit focused on activities in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin, the three organisations manage their activities on a national footing and hence, for this Status Report we examined advancement made on our recommendation by the responsible sections from a national position. We besides examined conformity with subdivisions of the 2002 Speciess at Risk Act, which came into force after our last audit but which relate to our recommendations. These subdivisions of the Act have specific and normative demands sing recovery schemes. Why it ‘s of import Apart from its intrinsic value as portion of Canada ‘s natural heritage, Canada ‘s biodiversity, including wild species of workss and animate beings, represents a huge depot of biological resources. The workss, mammals, and aquatic species found in ecosystems are mutualist and hence keeping ecological diverseness is of import to keeping the wellness and unity of the environment. Although it may travel unnoticed by most people, the loss of one or two cardinal species can hold ripple effects across an ecosystem with potentially important effects on our quality of life. Harmonizing to assorted scientific beginnings, human activities in the 21st century have greatly increased the rate at which species are vanishing. What we found Environment Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada have made unsatisfactory advancement in reacting to our 2001 recommendation associating to the development of a comprehensive stock list of species at hazard, while Parks Canada has made satisfactory advancement on this recommendation. The three organisations have made unsatisfactory advancement in reacting to our 2001 recommendation associating to the development of recovery schemes and have non complied with specific deadline demands established by the Speciess at Risk Act. As of June 2007, recovery schemes should hold been completed for 228 species at hazard, but recovery schemes completed at that day of the month reference merely 55 of those species. Departments and organisations are besides required under the Act to place to the extent possible, critical home ground necessary for the endurance or recovery of species at hazard. As of June 2007, critical home ground had been identified for 16 of the 228 species at hazard for which recovery schemes were due. Despite the advancement noted at Parks Canada, the federal authorities as a whole has made unsatisfactory advancement in reacting to our 2001 recommendations associating to the development of a comprehensive stock list of species at hazard and of recovery schemes. While work is under manner to develop appropriate informations sharing understandings with 3rd parties, such as provincial and territorial authoritiess, and non-governmental organisations such as Nature Serve, stock list informations aggregations vary across Canada. Ongoing betterments to informations quality and information consistence are needed.

Analysis Of The Chernobyl Meltdown Essays - Pripyat, Free Essays

Analysis Of The Chernobyl Meltdown Essays - Pripyat, Free Essays Analysis of the Chernobyl Meltdown On April 1986, Soviet's Union Chernobyl nuclear plant exploded letting out a massive amount of radiation that would debate of all Russian citizens for hundreds of years to come. At exactly 1:21 am. on April, 1986 inChernobyl, a city near the Pripiat River the No. 4 reactor exploded and released thirty to forty times the radiation of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombing. The exact causes of the explosion are not known , however scientists and researchers, under thorough investigation, have uncovered possible causes to the explosion.1 The main reason why the explosion occurred was that, the operators of the plant were attempting to conduct an experiment with the emergency cooling system turned off, they made six fatal errors which sealed everyone's fate. Soviet officials clamed that if the technicians, would have avoided at least one of those mistakes, then the plant could have been saved. The technicians began the test one day before the explosion. They started reducing the reactor's power level so they could run the turbine experiment. However in order for the plant to run at lower power they had to turn off the automatic control system, which powered all emergency limitations that the plant should make in case it goes out of control. Turning of the cooling system was an unnecessary action and though it did not cause the explosion, it made the consequences more fatal. Just then the operator's receive a call from the local grid controller in Kiev, who needed the power and asked the technicians to stop lowering it, at what they obeyed. Once that was done the reactor was running with out the cooling system , which was a very serious mistake. At 11:10 p.m. the grid controller said he no longer needed the power, and the operators returned to reducing the power. At twenty minutes past midnight the operators forgot to set the regulator properly, it was the second fatal error. Because of the incorrect regulator settings the reactor's power crashed to 30 MW from 1,000 MW which is too low for the test. At that point the operators would have abandoned the experiment, but they attempted to rescue it, for the next time they would be able to conduct would be in one year only. The senior authorities who had ordered the test would have been furious and would have found out the regulator problem. So the operators decided, to pull out the stops to restore the reactor's power.2 Their third fatal mistake, was the pulling out of control rods. The plant's rule was to have thirty in at all times however they left all but six. By 1:00 Am the power risen to 200 MW, which was still to low for the experiment, however the operators continued. In a few minutes they made their fourth fatal error, by turning on two extra pumps to join the six that wee already cooling the core. This procedure under such low power caused a massive steam disorder. Their fifth fatal error was the turning off of the automatic shut off, which would turn off the reactor. At 1:23 a.m. on Saturday April 26, the workers began the actual experiment. They made their sixth error, by turning off the last safety system. It took the shift manager thirty seconds to realize what was happening and shouted at another operators to press button AZ-5 which would driven all the control rods back into the core, but because the rods were melted from serious heat they didn't fit properly into the core. As the manager gloomy eyed looked down at the control panel several loud banging noises were heard. Immediately the one thousand tone roof of the reactor blew off sky high, and brought down the giant two hundred tone refueling crane onto the core, destroying more cooling systems and 30 fires spread around the plant. Finally the over-heating and steam build up caused a second explosion which destroyed the reactor and part of the building. The graphite began to burn ferociously once exposed to air, as core reached temperatures as high as 2,800o F a massive amount of radioactive dust was let out into the air which was picked by winds and carried thousands of miles into every

First Contact essays

First Contact essays The topic of ethics has been around since the understanding that science needs to be a testable discipline. In order for a theory to be counted as relevant in science it must be falsifiable, meaning it must be able to be proved wrong. This is where ethics come in. A scientist must insure the physical, psychological, and emotional well being of the subject is not compromised. These ideas have not always been considered. Modern day laws and policies detour unethical experiments to humans and animals. This determent not only is apparent in the sciences but also in the world of lay person. In the movie, First Contact, we see the lack of ethics in the prospectors journey for gold. The prospectors are hardly to blame for their actions. They are results of the era they grew up in, the lack of knowledge about the Aboriginal people, and most importantly, these men were not scientists looking for a discovery. They happened upon the native people and used what instinct and little knowledge they had at the time. The movie takes us back to a time when liberties of freedom were only taken in by those who had the money to buy them. Poor people had no say, especially foreign poor people. In the 1930s there were few understandings of what ethics really were. During this time shock therapy was a popular treatment for mental disorders, and psychological testing was being done that would never be allowed now days. If scientist did not have the concept of it, how were the lay people expected to? The time era this discovery took place did not really set the stage for ethical beliefs. After all, World War II was just around the corner. It would take the most unethical experiments and observations of our time before the recognition of ethical treatment would be laid out. Those extreme cases discussed at the Nuremburg Trials would lay the ground work for future laws in all aspects of life. The prospecto ...

Analogy Questions in SAT Reading Strategies and Tips

Analogy Questions in SAT Reading Strategies and Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Though direct analogy questions were eliminated along with the old SAT Verbal Reasoning section in 2005, analogy questions remain in place in a more abstract form in the Critical Reading section. In this article, I’ll show you what analogy questions look like, the best way to approach them, and some step by step examples for solving them with real questions from the SAT! What Is An Analogy Question? Before we learn how to solve these types of questions, we need to learn how to spot them in the first place. Analogy questions will ask you to make comparisons.They might ask you to compare a relationship between two things in the passage with a relationship between two things in the answer choices, or they might just ask for the answer choice that is most similar to something in the passage. Here’s an example of an analogy question: Which of the following most resembles the relationship between "black hole activity" and "star formation" (lines -12) as described in the passage? A. A volcanic eruption on one continent results in higher rainfall totals on another continent.B. Industrial emissions in one region lead to an increase in airborne pollutants in adjacent regions.C. A drought in a wilderness area causes a significant loss of vegetation in that area.D. Decreased oil production in one country results in higher gas prices in oil-dependent countries.E. Overfishing in a gulf leads to an increase in the population of smaller aquatic organisms. In this case, you would have to examine the cause and effect relationship between black hole activity and star formation described in the passage and see which of the five choices is most similar to that relationship. Analogy questions are a subset of inference questions because they require you to understand a relationship or condition in the passage and then take it one step further to infer the similarity of something NOT mentioned in the passage. How Do I Solve Analogy Questions? You’re going to have to take a couple of mental steps to solve analogy questions (which is why they can be one of the more confusing question types). Step 1: Read the question carefully. This is important because some analogy questions will ask you for the relationship that is LEAST like the one in the passage.Make sure you know what you’re looking for! Step 2: Understand the relationship or condition in the passage. Go back and read the relevant section of the passage.If you think it will help you to remember the nature of the relationship or condition mentioned in the question, sum it up in simpler terms.Make sure you fully understand what specifically you’re going to be comparing to the potential answer choices. Step 3: Go through the answer choices, break them down, and eliminate the duds. Look at each relationship or condition presented in the answer choices, and see if it is functionally the same as what you found in the passage.Remember that the point of an analogy question is that the concrete details are different, but the core relationship or condition is a match between the passage and the answer choice.If this is not the case, eliminate it (unless it’s a LEAST question, of course). Keep going with this until you have only one correct answer! Ok, that sounds doable. Let’s try a sample question. Time to get our feet wet. Good thing we painted our toes "College Board blue". Analogies in Action Now for our first real SAT analogy question! Here it is: Which most resembles the "irony" mentioned in line 34? A. A worker moving to a distant state to take a job, only to be fired without warningB. An executive making an important decision, only to regret it laterC. An athlete earning a starting position on a good team, only to quit midseasonD. A student studying for a major exam, only to learn that it has been postponedE. A person purchasing an expensive umbrella, only to lose it on the first rainy day First, let’s make sure we read the question carefully - looks like this one is pretty straightforward. No LEASTs here.We are clearly looking for the answer choice that is most similar to a condition in the passage. Ok, now we will refer to the passage.Here’s the sentence we need to reference: As she wrote a final letter on her typewriter - she did hate letting the old machine go - Georgia did considerable philosophizing about the irony of working for things only to the end of giving them up. What is the irony mentioned in the passage?Looks like it's â€Å"working for things only to the end of giving them up.† So: we are going to be looking for an answer that demonstrates working hard for something but later deciding to abandon it. Now we can go through the answer choices to find our winner! For these answer choices, I thought it was helpful to break them down into two parts to show exactly why each incorrect choice was eliminated. Choice A: A worker moving to a distant state to take a job, only to be fired without warning A worker moving to a distant state to take a job - Ok, the first part of this answer sounds promising. That's definitely an example of someone putting in effort for something. Now let's look at the second part. Only to be fired without warning - No, that’s not going to fit. Being fired doesn’t mean you gave up, it means someone else gave up on you. This doesn’t match the irony described in the passage, so let's eliminate it! Choice B: An executive making an important decision, only to regret it later An executive making an important decision - Eh, that doesn’t really fit with working towards something. Only to regret it later - Regret isn't the same as giving up, so this part doesn't work either. This doesn’t match the irony described in the passage either - get rid of it! Choice C: An athlete earning a starting position on a good team, only to quit in midseason An athlete earning a starting position on a good team - Ok, that’s definitely working towards something. Only to quit in midseason - Yes, that’s absolutely giving up. Looks like it matches the irony described in the passage.This choice works! Choice D: A student studying for a major exam, only to learn that it has been postponed A student studying for a major exam - Yes, this part makes sense as working towards something. Only to learn that it has been postponed - No, this isn't the same as giving up because something happened that was outside of the student’s control. It doesn’t match the irony described in the passage, so cross it out! Choice E: A person purchasing an expensive umbrella, only to lose it on the first rainy day A person purchasing an expensive umbrella - Nope, that's not really an example of working towards a goal unless your priorities are seriously weird. Only to lose it on the first rainy day - That’s not giving up, this person is just frivolous AND careless. I’m glad they lost their umbrella. This doesn’t match the irony described in the passage either - eliminate it! Great, so we have Choice C as our answer! "O Umbrella, why did you leave me? O cruel vagaries of fate!" - quote from the poor sap in choice E Let's try another one. The first sample analogy question that I showed you about black holes is pretty tough, but I think we're ready for it. Here it is again: Which of the following most resembles the relationship between "black hole activity" and "star formation" (lines -12) as described in the passage? A. A volcanic eruption on one continent results in higher rainfall totals on another continent.B. Industrial emissions in one region lead to an increase in airborne pollutants in adjacent regions.C. A drought in a wilderness area causes a significant loss of vegetation in that area.D. Decreased oil production in one country results in higher gas prices in oil-dependent countries.E. Overfishing in a gulf leads to an increase in the population of smaller aquatic organisms. Ok, first we need to read the question carefully. We are going to be comparing two relationships for this question, and there's no LEAST, so we want to find the answer choice that is most similar to the relationship in the passage. Now let's read the lines from the passage. Here's our relevant excerpt: Accordingly, astronomers long assumed that supermassive holes, let alone their smaller cousins, would have little effect beyond their immediate neighborhoods. So it has come as a surprise over the past decade that black hole activity is closely intertwined with star formation occurring farther out in the galaxy. What's the relationship between black hole activity and star formation? They are "closely intertwined," implying a cause-effect relationship of some kind, although the star formation is occurring very far away from the black hole activity. So we are looking for a vague cause and effect relationship between two events that are occurring far apart from one another. Now let's examine our answer choices to see which one matches up with this relationship. Choice A: A volcanic eruption on one continent results in higher rainfall totals on another continent. This answer seems to work. The volcanic eruption and the higher rainfall totals are occurring in two separate regions, just like the black hole activity and star formation. This answer also demonstrates a cause and effect relationship that is somewhat ambiguous - though the events are related, they do not directly lead into one another. The nature of this relationship is the same as that of the relationship between black hole activity and star formation. Choice B:Industrial emissions in one region lead to an increase in airborne pollutants in adjacent regions. The key to detecting this wrong answer is the word "adjacent". Black hole activity and star formation in the passage are occurring very far away from each other, not in nearby regions of the galaxy. This answer also describes a direct causal relationship that makes straightforward logical sense - that's different from the vague nature of the relationship in the passage. Get rid of this one! Choice C:A drought in a wilderness area causes a significant loss of vegetation in that area. This answer is incorrect because both events are occurring in the same area. This makes it even more clearly wrong than Choice B, where the events happened in adjacent regions. This answer also describes a very logical relationship that demonstrates obvious cause and effect between drought and loss of vegetation. This is not the same as the relationship between black hole activity and star formation. Eliminate this one too! Choice D:Decreased oil production in one country results in higher gas prices in oil-dependent countries. Though the two events in this relationship are occurring in regions that are far away from one another, this answer still doesn't work. This relationship demonstrates a direct and logical cause and effect chain of events. This was not the case with black hole activity and star formation. Cross it out! Choice E:Overfishing in a gulf leads to an increase in the population of smaller aquatic organisms. This once again refers to a scenario where both events are occurring in the same place, whereas a key feature of the relationship in the passage was that black hole activity and star formation happened far away from each other. This one's wrong too! Looks like Choice A is our answer! That was a really tough one, but if you understood why we eliminated the four incorrect answers, you shouldn't have to worry about any super challenging analogy questions sneaking up on you on the SAT. You've already got the skills to beat them. Your brain must be like a black hole for SAT knowledge! Summary Analogy questions (in a less direct form) are still a part of the SAT Critical Reading section.These questions will ask you to make a comparison between a condition or relationship in a reading passage and a different condition or relationship that’s not referenced in the passage. When you see an analogy question, remember to: Read the question carefully. Go back to the passage and make sure you fully understand the condition or relationship you are being asked to compare. Read each of the answer choices and break them down so that you can make a direct comparison to what’s in the passage. Eliminate four choices, and find the one that works! Remember, you can do it! What's Next? Want more skills-focused SAT Reading articles? Start with these articles on sentence completion questions and vocab-in-context questions, and check back in the next week for more! What's the best way to get information out of a passage on SAT Reading? Find out the best way to read the passage and what's actually on SAT Reading. Worried that vocab is going to trip you up? Don't worry - we can help. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Education Sector Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Sector Best Practices - Essay Example Curriculum entails more than an ordinary definition; it is a key issue in the process of education. The scope of career development is so large that it affects every person involved in learning and teaching. Inclusive education practices entail  making the students feel welcomed and valued in the school, and therefore the students are effectively able to undertake all school activities entail rams. Diversity is accepted and respected; students’ different cultures, backgrounds, skills interests and needs; are taken into consideration in school practices and programs. To achieve thi9s end, there exists inclusive practices tools like; student survey, community survey, staff survey, school review profile, inclusive practices and survey reports. Inclusive practices tools are applied in supporting primary, intermediate or schools in engaging in the review process. The main purpose of the review process entails supporting schools in the journey towards developing and implementing inclusive processes for learners, including learners requiring special attention and consideration. Continuous personal development entails; learning by participating in the continuing professional development process; and from the experience and even the feedback. Competent professionals; look for opportunities and challenges in personal learning and development; identify mistakes and use them for learning opportunities; continuously participate in professional development programs; change behavior towards the positive through feedback and reflection. (Booth, 2011 15).Opportunities for learning and development include, pursuing management development training program.

The Role of Communication in the Strategic and Program Planning Term Paper

The Role of Communication in the Strategic and Program Planning Processes in a Health Care Oganization - Term Paper Example Sometimes changes can be small tweaks and fine tuning of the existing strategy or a complete replacement of the old strategy with a new one. A development of a strategy or a program, majority of the times, is a case for change. The change can be for development of an existing service or introduction of an entirely new service and it can involve minor or major changes. But irrespective of what kind of change is being brought in organizational strategy, it will definitely make an impact on the quality of care (Rowe, 2008) Communication plays a very important role not just in the implementation process but also in the strategic and program planning process. Health care organizations have very less products and in all probability are completely based on the service offered which is wholly dependent on the human resources of the organization. It is the employees at the bottom level who have hands on experience of what the problems are at the most basic level than those at the top manageme nt of the company. Their inputs during the strategic and program planning process can be vital. Also it is the employees at the bottom level who are responsible for the actual implementation of the strategy and program designed by the top management. Communication need not be one sided but needs to be an interactive process where there are exchange of views and ideas. Active participation and effective communication among all stakeholders (internal to the organization) can be the difference between designing an effective strategy and a mediocre one. Also even more important is the role that effective communication can play in the process of identifying the areas that are problematic and need to be addressed. Hence, communication channels must be created between the employees at the basic level and those at the top for the formulation of an effective strategy. Now moving on to the implementation phase of the strategy and programs, communication plays an even more important role. As m entioned earlier, any organizational strategy is a case of change and change is always met with resistance from employees. Employees at all levels need to be communicated the purpose and need for the change. Also, what the change in strategy could mean to the employees and how it can improve their job performance. It is only when employees identify with and understand the intent and need for the change in strategy or a program that their full cooperation can be expected and this is vital for the overall success of the strategy. A health care organization has numerous functional units and the broader organization strategy will not be able to cater to the different needs of each of these units. A broader organizational strategy must be used a reference and a strategy must be prepared by the managers and the stakeholders of each functional area that would best suit the function. There are two main criteria that need to be considered here. One, the functional area strategy must be in ac cordance with and mesh with the wider organizational plan. Two, it must be in sync with the plans of the other functional areas (Moseley, 2009). The role of communication is vital in the process. Effective communication between stakeholders of the functional areas and that of wider organization is essential to meet the first criteria. More important one is the communication

My Community Needs Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Community Needs Assessment - Assignment Example The soils are very fertile with Black Belt and Delta areas being dominant. Mississippi’s terrain is flat with small differences in the state (Mississippi, 2011). There is a bountiful background of cotton farming in Mississippi commencing in early 1800’s. Venture in cotton propelled the economy of Mississippi to one of the affluent states in the union before the civil war and obligated the use of slaves. Mississippi joined confederacy as the second state at the time of civil war. The slaves were set free after the war flopping the cotton industry. Many communal customs that emerged prior to the war were enhanced by the state’s economy and isolation persisted into1950’s (Mississippi, 2011). Mississippi’s population estimate was 2,978,512 with majority being locals. Females occupy half the population and there is a mixture of whites and African Americans at sixty and thirty-seven percent respectively. Latino is less than 3percent. The little Chinese population is mainly in Delta (Mississippi, 2011). Mississippi is the poorest in America (Handley, 2011). The estimate of the Goss state product was about $98billion in 2010 with 45,191 people getting welfare and 277,690 children taking part in free lunch program (Mississippi, 2011). Figures of insolvency children rose from 16.4 to 33.7percent in the past 10 years with present poverty at over 21percent. Unemployment rate is more than 10percent with the inhabitants earning the least income of less than $30,000 annually. Nevertheless, the state has lowest living cost. The population is Christian with Protestants being the majority mainly Baptists and Methodists. The Roman Catholic is predominantly in the south. There are a few Jewish. Additionally, Buddhists and Muslims are present but in excessively small numbers (Mississippi, 2011). Mississippi is among the unhygienic states in America in ten years continuously (Associated press, 2011). Obesity is rampant with African American among the most obese at 42.6

Marijuana Should not be Legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marijuana Should not be Legalized - Essay Example People from these religions want these laws to be removed as soon as possible. The adverse effects of marijuana can never be ignored. Prolonged use may cause severe depression and other mental disorders. Moreover, American government have introduced healthy tax scheme on the cultivation, to discourage the exercise (Svrakic and Lynn 90). Origin By definition, marijuana is an American term for dried flowers and leaves of the cannabis plant. Marijuana is basically harvested from the ‘cannabis sativa’ plant. Cannabis plant, also known as hemp plant, is believed to have originated from central Asia. This plant has been found in tombs in about 8000BCE. Some details were also found about the growth of cannabis in china, for the purpose of gaining fiber from it. Cannabis is very versatile plant. It can grow in almost all climatic conditions. This is one of the reasons of its increasing growth throughout the globe.Marijuana comes from the leaves and the flower of the hemp or the cannabis plant. These parts of the plant contain a substance known as the Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This substance gives marijuana its psychoactive properties. From the date of its discovery, people call marijuana by different names. Some of them are Ganja, pot, weed, grass, dope, skunk, wacky tobacco etc. In some countries of the world, Mari juana is called as Marihuana, by replacing ‘j’ with ‘h’.How Marijuana Started Spreading Addiction

Competetive Strategy Analysis - Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Competetive Strategy Analysis - Samsung - Essay Example The current status of the firm’s competitiveness is evaluated using three strategic tools: the Five Forces model, the Value Chain analysis framework, and the Strategic Clock. The first two models were developed by Porter while the Strategic Clock has been designed by Bowman. These theoretical models allow the identification of all aspects of the firm’s strategic position in the global market. In this way, the understanding of the firm’s current position towards its rivals and of its future prospects in the particular industry becomes easier. Porter’s Five Forces Literature review The Five Forces model of Porter (see Figure 1 below) highlights the forces that a firm is likely to face when developing its daily activities. The identification and the evaluation of these forces are necessary in order to check whether a firm has prospects in its industry or not (Hill and Jones 2009). The forces included in the Five Forces model of Porter are the following: †˜a) new entrants, b) suppliers, c) buyers, d) substitute products, e) industry competition’ (Henry 2008, p.69). The analysis of this model’s elements would help to understand its value for evaluating the potentials of Samsung in the global electronics industry. ... The power of suppliers to ask for increase in prices is higher as the material/ product delivered to the client is rare and cannot be easily located through other suppliers (Roy 2011). This phenomenon is known as the bargaining power of suppliers (Roy 2011). In sectors that are critical in terms of the material used in products, the bargaining power of suppliers can be high: for example, the pharmaceutical industry or the luxury cars industry (Roy 2011). At the next level, reference should be made to the other element of Porter’s model: customers. Customers are able to press firms to proceed to the reduction of their prices in the following case: when the products/ services provided by a firm become common in the market, the customers of a firm may decide to leave their firm and prefer the products of a rival that are at lower price (Gordon 2004). The specific potential of customers can exist only if a product is widely expanded in the market or if a new entrant that offers th e same product at lower price has appeared in the local market (Gordon 2004). The term ‘substitute products’ is used for describing the products with similar characteristics but of lower quality (Ungson and Wong 2008). These products can be available at lower price since their production cost is significantly lower than that of the products with similar characteristics but of high quality (Ungson and Wong 2008). Consumers may prefer these products instead of those that used to buy until now in order to save money (Ungson and Wong 2008). Substitute products cannot particularly threaten a firm that offers products that cannot be easily replicated (Alrawashdeh 2013); Finally, reference should be

Marijuana Should not be Legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marijuana Should not be Legalized - Essay Example People from these religions want these laws to be removed as soon as possible. The adverse effects of marijuana can never be ignored. Prolonged use may cause severe depression and other mental disorders. Moreover, American government have introduced healthy tax scheme on the cultivation, to discourage the exercise (Svrakic and Lynn 90). Origin By definition, marijuana is an American term for dried flowers and leaves of the cannabis plant. Marijuana is basically harvested from the ‘cannabis sativa’ plant. Cannabis plant, also known as hemp plant, is believed to have originated from central Asia. This plant has been found in tombs in about 8000BCE. Some details were also found about the growth of cannabis in china, for the purpose of gaining fiber from it. Cannabis is very versatile plant. It can grow in almost all climatic conditions. This is one of the reasons of its increasing growth throughout the globe.Marijuana comes from the leaves and the flower of the hemp or the cannabis plant. These parts of the plant contain a substance known as the Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This substance gives marijuana its psychoactive properties. From the date of its discovery, people call marijuana by different names. Some of them are Ganja, pot, weed, grass, dope, skunk, wacky tobacco etc. In some countries of the world, Mari juana is called as Marihuana, by replacing ‘j’ with ‘h’.How Marijuana Started Spreading Addiction

Processing Algorithm Developed by Google for Big Data Essay

Processing Algorithm Developed by Google for Big Data - Essay Example What does a scenario describe, and what may it also provide? According to Sharda, Delen, & Turban (2014), â€Å"a scenario describes the decision and uncontrollable variables and parameters for a specific modeling situation. (Likewise), it may also provide the procedures and constraints for the modeling† (p. 57). 3. According to Kassam (2002), business metadata comprise information that increases our understanding of traditional (i.e., structured) data. What is the primary purpose of metadata? The primary purpose of metadata should be â€Å"to provide context to the reported data; that is, it provides enriching information that leads to the creation of knowledge† (Sharda, Delen, & Turban, 2014, p. 46). 4. What are the three nonfinancial objectives of the balanced scorecard? The three nonfinancial objectives of the balanced scorecard are as follows: (1) to improve customer value, (2) to intensify internal business processes, and (3) for organizational learning and growth (Schmarzo, 2013). 5. Describe the role of the simple split in estimating the accuracy of classification models. Simple split reportedly â€Å"partitions the data into two mutually exclusive subsets called a training set and a test set† (Olson & Delen, 2008, p. 140). 8. What is the difference between white hat and black hat SEO activities? The difference between white hat and black hat search engine optimization (SEO) lies â€Å"within how an SEO expert conducts his back linking strategy. Black Hat SEO look for the quick and always wrong approach that gets you penalized. White Hat SEO approach looks at the long term approach that doesn`t get you penalized† (Goulart, 2014, p. 1). 9. What is the most common method for treating risk in decision trees and tables? The most common method for treating risk in decision trees and tables include simulation, use of certainty factors, and fuzzy logic.

William Blake course work Essay Example for Free

William Blake course work Essay William Blake was a man who only thought of bettering our society through his actions and poetry. He started working life as engravers apprentice, he grew up in a time know as the Age of Reason, and produced most of his work during this time as, he was a pioneer of this time. His work was called radical as well as his thinking this is because his revolutionary ideas were against all that the society of the time knew. Blakes thinking reduced the church and its institutions to tools of repression, this was because of the churches over ruling power and control of the general people and the society willingness to obey through fear of being punished or sentenced to an eternity in hell. His attitude to try a liberate the human sprit and freedom of thought was powered by his experience of being tried for sedition, this made his thinking very powerful because the church/institution tried to oppresses and control his to which he replied by ridiculing the church through his inspiring poetry. Holy Thursday The subject of this poem is about Holy Thursday and the lies and the make-up face they put on. The type of social injustice that is shown in this poem is towards children and how they are treated badly and used for the churches gain. The themes in this poem are of repression and greed, these are shown by how the children are being used to up the churches reputation by helping the children, and also how the church have used there power take and use the children. The structure of the of the poem keeps the poem in short basic line of words, sort of like how a small child would think, this puts you in a childs shoes and make you feel more empathy for them. The four quatrains also have the same effect of a childs mind by of staying on one subject for a short time. The quatrains are quite regular and strict giving you and impression of the repression of the church making sure there is no thinking against them. The rhyming is simple and regular. This could give the impression of a controlled person always having to think the same way and keep to the same rhythm or something bad will happen. The poetic techniques used in the poem are clever and well used to create emotion in the reader bringing out different feelings and certain biases towards certain opinions. The juxtaposition in the poem is very emotive like the comparison of a rich and fruitful land being disapproved of because of the babes the are fed with a cold and usurious hand this comparison has put the priests in the worst possible light as if this land is so rich and fruitful then why cant they show some compassion, warmth if it doesnt effect them in the slightest. Another juxtaposed stanza is the sentence is that trembling cry a song? Can it be a song of joy? this sentence juxtaposes the songs that the children sing it that it could a song of over flowing joy or a song of great sadness this bring a feeling of pity into the reader for the children as a cry being called a song is something that only the most evil people would say. This then again puts the priest in a bad light as they are forcing children to sing a song of sadness but call it a song of joy. The repetition in the poem emphasises the sadness and despair in the poem like the repetition for the sun not shining and then something bad happening in stead like it raining. The alliteration enhances the effect of the children suffering going on non stop and never ending like the alliteration in bleak and bare theses pieces of alliteration effect the readers feelings towards the children by makes they more bias towards them. The imagery in this poem is good because its create two different images one for greatness and prosperity and one of sadness and poverty these to images are about the same thing these images are contrast and the better one questioned to see if it is a real while the other images is meant to show the truth and a poverty that is there. The imagery also gives us a visual insight to the childrens life by describing it as the field bleak and bare and their ways are filled with thorns this visual description makes us feel sad for the children. This could also be compared to Jesus crown of thorns and his hard life and how they are being put into the public eye for the wrong reasons. The musical is effective in the poem because of how it contrasts what is actually happening and what the priests want to happen like how the want the children to appear happy to promote god to the people so the people come to church and the priests gain money when really the children get no after and are again just left to be abused. The language and syntax in this poem is simple but still very effective it what it meant to do. It is simple because it is not meant for one particular audience it meant for everyone so keeping it simple make this poem readable for everyone this creates an effect on all people as the rich and supposedly more intelligent dont get all think thats its just a plead to them and the poor and supposedly stupid do not feel left out and unwanted. So this brings the rich down to earth, and brings the poor to the same level the rich are on so they are a level playing field. The language is mostly simple with a few complex words this is again an effort to get everyone to understand the poem and be able appreciate it. The lack of complexity in the poem contributes to the meaning because it reflects the children and how they are simple but need to be cared for. The tone of poem is sad for the children and angry at the people who did this to them. The effect of having this tone make the reader for empathy for the children but it is then a warning and a telling off for the people who did it. The mood this sets is a mood of intensity because of it hate for the people who use the children. The authorial intent in this poem is to get across the point that the children are not happy just sad and abused, and the priests arent what they seem to be. The poem is effective in doing this because of its imagery and poetic techniques, the imagery and poetic techniques are effective because the imagery get across the essential parts of what the author wants to say then the techniques emphasise them. Garden of love The subject of this poem is the repression of freedom and the controlling power of the church and how it takes over. The social in justice show is the repression of the people and how they freedom is taken. The injustice that religion brings upon the people is highlighted in this poem by how it takes over with no question against it when the church is meant to present freedom to the people. It also shows the repression of the people by tell us about how everything the people had it take and converted then the conversion is told to be good. The themes in this poem are repression, controlling dominance and injustice these are shown by how no matter what the church does it is never wrong and how the church is unjust by taking things that are to taken. The structure of this poem is a simple three, 4 lined stanza, these stanzas get worst and worst as you go along adding to the meaning of the poem by reflecting what the church does by how the church just does worst and worst things to abuse the people. The rhyming in this poem make the church seems repetitive and the same all the time because the rhyming is repetitive and simple. The poetic techniques that the poem uses are alliteration, repetition and juxtaposition. The alliteration in the poem enhances the effects of the words by having a build up effect. The repetition in the poem is mainly in the last stanza where and is repeat 4 times and again it has a build up effect on the churches injustice to the people. The imagery in the poem is very strong and emotive. Like the flowers being destroyed and juxtaposed against the graves this creates a feeling of anger of how the church come a destroy like and naturally freedom of everything a bring only death and order and even after death things are still order like how graves have a specific set up. The imagery of the chapel is very strict and regimented with its controlling power. Also with the chapel having thou shall not write over the door promote control as it is an order and does not promote freedom it just show that religion is about what you cant do not what you can. The line priests in black gowns walking their rounds this suggests that the priests are corrupt because they were black instead of a pure white like there meant to be. Also the walking there rounds makes them sound like there patrolling the people making sure that they do not fall out of line and do what the priests want. This then adds the controlling effect that the church has. The language and syntax in this are good because the short sentence make the reader feel the controlling presence of the church only allowing a certain amount of words from the author. The language in this poem is effective because the author uses simple word and put them together to make complex meanings like black gowns this suggests evil and corruption, black is also a dominate colour making the church seem even more controlling. The tone of the poem is of anguish the anguish the author has for his special place of freedom and love being taken over and replaced by control and fake love. The mood that the mood creates is disgust for the church of how they could destroy something as pure as the garden of love, and then replace with fake purity shadowed by corruption. The authorial intent of the poem is that the author wants the reader to understand that the church does not enlighten and love but shadow the people with a cold, corrupt binding grip. It is effective in this because of its description of how the church destroys the garden and replaced with total order and darkness.

Impact of Health Inequalities on Parkinsons Disease Patient

Impact of Health Inequalities on Parkinsons Disease Patient In the department of health publication from ‘Vision to Reality’ (2001), the minister for public health, Yvette Cooper, and the chief medical officer, Professor Liam Donaldson, stated the following: ‘At the beginning of 21st century, your chances of a healthy life still depend on what job you do, where you live, and how much your parents earn. This is unfair and unjust. That is why this Government is committed to narrowing the health inequalities that scar our nation and to improved health for all’. How does this statement support the elderly with Parkinson disease in Bromley trust Kent? Introduction The focus of this community study is to explore the health inequalities which affect a specific group within Bromley community. This group has been defined as those suffering with Parkinson’s disease, a degenerative condition that tends to affect an older client group and can also be associated with complex medical needs. This essay will define and explore the concept of inequalities in health, define the disease ad its effects on people as their families, and relate these to a community in the Kent area served by Bromley NHS Trust. The other aim of this essay is to postulate solutions and interventions which might address some of the health inequalities and challenges posed by this particular condition and its prevalence within the community. The literature points to the specific health problems and challenges of this client group, and there is government and governance literature which specifically addresses their needs. However, it appears there is still a deficit between the needs of clients, which are complex and difficult to address, and the level of provision in health and social care services, which continue to be under-resourced and less than ideally designed. Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s is a progressive neurological disease which occurs as the result of the loss of nerve cells in the substantia nigra in the brain (PDS, 2007). The lack of these cells results in a lack of dopamine, a substance that allows messages to be sent to the parts of the brain that control movement (PDS, 2007). When about 80% of dopamine is lost, symptoms start to develop, and levels continue to reduce over time, causing symptoms to increase (PDS, 2007). Two proposed causes are genetic disorders and environmental toxins (PDS, 2007), although a range of other associations continue to be explored. No real cause is known, and there is no known cure, although some medications can mediate the course of the disease and help in symptom control (PDS, 2007). Motor symptoms of Parkinson’s are tremor, bradykinesia and stiffness of muscles, while non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbance, constipation, depression and urinary urgency (PDS, 2007). Fatigue is another symptom (Lloy d, 1999). It is obvious from this range of symptoms that sufferers may need an increasing range of health and social support services and interventions during the progression of the disease. One epidemiological review puts the rate of Parkinson’s disease in the UK population at 19 per 1000 per year, with a lifetime prevalence of 2 per 1000 people (MacDonald et al, 2000). The Parkinson’s Disease Society (PDS, 2007) state that one in 500 people in the UK suffers from the disease. This would suggest a considerable burden on local health and social care services in any locality. However, there is also the issue that such statistics often only represent the tip of the iceberg (MacDonald et al, 2000). There may be a greater number who have not yet been diagnosed or who do not access services and so are not counted in surveys. The age range of sufferers of Parkinson’s disease is 40-90 years, with the greatest proportion in the 70-74 age group, and the next highest rate in the 74-79 age group (MacDonald et al, 2000). This is obviously an age-associated condition. The Bromley Health Services NHS Trust provides an outpatient Parkinson’s clinic run by Dr B Kessel as part of the elderly medicine directorate (www.bromleyhospitals.nhs.uk, 2007). There is also the Joint Allocation panel which the elderly medicine team contribute to in providing complex home care packages. Therefore, it would seem that for this locality, there is some specialist Parkinson’s disease provision. However, there are no figures to describe the uptake and demand on health and social services from Parkinson’s disease sufferers. For example, the demand on community nursing services, social care services, nursing homes, continence services, primary health services and pharmacy services. Parkinson’s disease is usually treated by drug treatments which aim to redress the loss of dopamine (Pentland, 1999). Levodopa-containing agents replace dopamine within the body, while dopamine agonists mimic the action of dopamine (Pentland, 1999). Enzyme inhibitors can be used, which prevent dopamine breakdown, and anticholinergics can reduce the action of acetylcholine which can also improve symptoms (Pentland, 1999). There is ongoing debate and review of the risk-benefit ratio of these treatments but they have been shown to be effective in limiting symptoms (PDS, 2007: Pentland, 1999). Other pharmacological interventions may be utilised to relieve specific symptoms, such as hypnotics for insomnia, antidepressants for confirmed depression, and pain killers and quinine for pain and muscle cramps (Pentland, 1999). Hoever, achieving and maintaining the correct, effective drug regimen as the condition progresses can be problematic for client and medical team (Lloyd, 1999). Health Inequalities It was in 1998 that health inequality reduction became express aims of the NHS in the UK, with the publication of A First Class Service (DH, 1998). Since then, inequalities in health have remained on government and health service agendas. The National Service Framework for Older People (DH, 2001) sets out a number of standards to address key inequalities in health experienced by the subject group concerned in this essay. The fact that such standards have had to be set is evidence of demonstrable inequalities linked to these areas. To begin with, inequalities are linked to age. It has been shown that in some health and social care services, older people and their carers have been victims of age-based discrimination in access to services and availability of services (DH, 2001). The locality here, Bromley Trust in Kent, does not advertise specialist Parkinson’s disease services explicitly on their website, and so sufferers of this condition fall under the aegis of elderly care services and also neurology services (trust ref). However, resourcing for such services may not be optimum, with less resources perhaps given to less fashionable areas of health need (DH, 2001), but rather to the more ‘fashionable’ and topical areas such as children’s and cancer services. There are certain areas of need which could be viewed as common to older people’s services and specific to those with Parkinson’s disease, such as community equipment (DH, 2001). Another specific inequality for this client group is access to palliative care services, with many palliative care services only available to cancer sufferers (DH, 2001). Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative and ultimately terminal condition, and as such should be a defining condition for palliative care. However, palliative care services in some areas may be funded by cancer charities such as Macmillan Cancer care, which may pose a challenge. This leads to a policy issue which could only be addressed at policy management level within the local trusts. The burden on family and unpaid carers is considerable, and increases with the progression of the disease (Lloyd, 1999). This leads to further demand on services due to carer-related illnesses (Lloyd, 1999). Again, unequal access to services, here based on the condition and the lack of support for those affected by it, continues to exist. The issue of inequality related to ethnic minority or background (DH, 2001) may also be applicable here, as the locality does contain a range of different minority ethnic groups. However, the demographics are not available to explore the rates of Parkinson’s disease across the different ethnic minorities in the region. The literature does highlight one specific incidence of health inequality in relation to this disease. It appears that sufferers who are hospitalized do not have timely access to their medications due to the restrictions of ward rounds and nursing routines (Agnew, 2006). Another inequality is in access to community care assessments which provide the intense levels of care and support necessary as the disease progresses (Lloyd, 1999). Not only do Parkinson’s disease sufferers suffer from a relative difficulty in accessing and obtaining such assessments, the assessment provides only a partial picture when exploring to what extent the health and social care needs of people with Parkinson’s are being assessed (Lloyd, 1999). The assessments are apparently predominantly medical, failing to address the other range of needs, particularly social and emotional issues and everyday living needs such as personal care (Lloyd, 1999). As these assessments are generally not carried out in the person’s own home, they are inadequate in providing a true picture of the realities of the disease in individual cases (Lloyd, 1999). The more general subject of health inequalities highlights a range of factors which might adversely affect the health and wellbeing of this client group. Poor health is linked to social background factors (Iphofen, 2003). The Bromley community area encompasses a wide range of socio-economic groups, from those deemed to be in poverty through the middle classes to the affluent classes. Research has demonstrated that those low down on the social class hierarchy tend to have worse housing, poor nutritional status, are less fit and are more likely to engage in damaging or risky health behaviours (Iphofen, 2003). It is logical that these people are the most likely to become ill, die sooner, or be most in need of health and social care input and support (Iphofen, 2003). Other factors which may affect health inequalities include culture, gender and ethnicity (Iphofen, 2003). It is also important to consider the role of individual action and self-reliance (Iphofen, 2003), which may seem at odds with current political trends towards ‘nanny state’ policies which are in danger of labelling vulnerable groups and individuals as being to blame for their own ill-health. One example of this is the smoking ban, which has been legislated on the back a growing trend of refusing medical treatment to sufferers of smoking-related conditions until they have given up smoking. A similar trend appears to be occurring for obese and overweight individuals, but it would seem that this form of discrimination, whilst socially and morally wrong, is politically sanctioned. Health Problems related to Parkinson’s Disease. As can be seen from the literature, there are a wide range of health problems which affect Parkinson’s sufferers, primarily related to the disease and its symptoms and their affects on health and independence. Parkinson’s is a long term illness (Rhind, 2007; Kristjanson et al, 2006) and as such will require long term nursing and social support, surveillance and review. Parkinson’s disease causes physical disability, and affects all of the activities of daily living by restricting independence, self-reliance and self care (PDS, 2007). It can affect people’s ability to maintain relationships, carry on in employment and leisure activities, and to continue to live on their own in their own home, or with their families (PDS, 2007). Lloyd (1999) also highlights the fact that Parkinson’s disease is socially unacceptable and this can have ongoing effects for the sufferer and their carers. One of the problems associated with the disease is dysphagia, the inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing (Miller et al, 2006). Dysphagia can have obvious physical effects, such as choking, and inability to access proper nutrition or maintain healthy weight (Miller et al, 2006; Lorefalt et al, 2006). It can also have social and psychological effects, such as embarrassment and depression, withdrawal from social eating situations and effects on family and carers (Miller et al, 2006). Treatment for dysphagia is limited, and so the condition can lead to long term alterations in nutritional state leading to interventions such as total parenteral nutrition (Miller et al, 2006; Lorefalt et al, 2006). Another associated set of symptoms are psychological symptoms. These can vary, but can present as depression, sleep, confusion and delirium, hallucinations and dementia (Nazarko, 2005). These can be challenging conditions to treat, and may require a mixture of support, psychiatric intervention, pharmacological intervention and sedation, and family/carer support (Nazarko, 2005). Such symptoms represent a considerable demand on existing services, and as yet, there are no specialist psychiatric services for this client group within the locality under discussion. Addressing Health Inequalities by Condition Management The Department of Health (2001) stresses the following are necessary to combat the continued inequalities experienced by the older age group in accessing services and support: an integrated approach between local authorities and health services; strong clinical and managerial leadership; service user and carer representation at every level; working parties and management groups which continually address and review the situation. Other actions include workforce development (DH, 2001), and there may be a greater need for training and awareness-raising, particularly with nursing staff. Nursing staff need to listen more to Parkinson’s sufferers when providing care (Agnew, 2006). Another issue is the proper assessment of older people’s conditions (DH, 2001), which is important as Parkinson’s disease can present as one of a complex range of multiple diseases or conditions. Modern management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) aims to obtain symptom control, to reduce clinical disability, and to improve quality of life (Pacchetti et al, 2000). Specific instruments or tools may be necessary as part of the assessment process (Heffernan and Jenkinson, 2005). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellece (NICE, 2006) make the following recommendations: people with suspected Parkinson’s disease should be seen by a specialist within six weeks; new referrals with later progress of disease should be seen within two weeks; there should be regular, ongoing review of the condition; sufferers should be empowered to participate in their care; and all people with Parkinsons should have regular access to specialist nursing care to provide monitoring and adjustment of medication, a point of contact for support including home visits and a reliable source of information about clinical and social matters relevant to Parkinsons disease. There is a need to access and engage with psychiatric services due to the long-term psychological and emotional effects of the disease (Lloyd, 1999). NICE (2006) argue strongly for specialist nurses and multidisciplinary clinics, which would be appropriate given the complex presentation of the disease. T his comprehensive approach would go a long way to reducing the inequalities experienced by this age group. However, the local services in Bromley may not be currently resourced adequately to meet such targets. Other interventions might also include speech therapy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and of course palliative care services (Carter, 2006). The local trust has service provision in all these areas, and all but the last can be demonstrated to be involved in the care of clients with Parkinson’s disease in Bromley. However, it might be that more provision and more targeted provision might be necessary to reduce the inequalities suffered by this client group. Some literature suggests the use of complementary therapies such as massage to support those with the condition (Patterson et al, 2005). Other therapies such as music therapy might be appropriate (Pachetti et al, 2000). Music as a therapy acts as a specific stimulus to obtain motor and emotional responses by combining movement and stimulation of different sensory pathways (Pacchetti et al, 2000). In a prospective, randomised controlled trial, music therapy was found to be effective on motor, affective, and behavioral fu nctions, and as such would be a valid addition to therapy programmes for people with Parkinson’s disease (Pacchetti et al, 2000). One example of successful care management has been described by Holloway (2006), who reports in the implementation of a care pathway to meet specific needs. The pathway is user-led, conceptualising the user/carer as the communications centre, resourced and supported in the management of their situation by the professionals to achieve their own integrated package of care (Holloway, 2006). This pathway takes into account individual disease presentation, social factors, severity of illness and degree of use of services (Holloway, 2006). The research showed this pathway to be feasible for implementation within standard, existing clinics and was well received by clients and carers (Holloway, 2006). Another programme which has demonstrated some success and positive outcomes is a club for patients and their carers at a day hospital in Bridlington (Nasar and Bankar, 2006). The multidisciplinary team use the club for patient assessment, education and disease management, while it also provides the patients and carers with a forum for discussion and an opportunity for social interaction (Nasar and Bankar, 2006). Another important aspect of reducing health inequalities is in developing alliances with service users and engaging with specific groups who are socially excluded (Watterson, 2003). It may be that the reason that Parkinson’s sufferers feel so excluded is due to nurses’ perceptions of them as less than cognitively competent, due to prejudices about the nature of the disease. Service users have important and often critical knowledge and experience about their lives, condition, symptoms and responses to treatment (Watterson, 2003), which could greatly enhance both policy planning and direction and individual care planning and ongoing disease management. There are challenges associated with attempting such engagement, and even further policy and procedure planning, with associated resource input, would be needed to ensure accessibility, effective communication and responsiveness. Conclusion As has been demonstrated, sufferers of Parkinson’s disease, itself a complex aetiology, presentation and progression, have a range of specific and challenging needs which are not being met by the local services in Bromley. While some services exist, there are other models of care, management, assessment and monitoring which have been demonstrated to be effective in other localities, which may be appropriate for this specific client group. Services need to be client centred and comprehensive, utilising tools and guidelines developed specifically for the disease and its symptoms. Services must also be multi-disciplinary, multi-agency and also holistic. However, the provision of such services may not be practical within the current NHS climate. With the direction set out in government and NICE documents, however, it would appear that the drive to improve such services will go ahead. This essay addresses a very small, confined client group with a specific disease presentation. However the scope of health inequalities across the whole population may be much wider and more disturbing. It would appear that there is a need for targeted programmes to tackle health inequalities in almost every service, but if these can be addressed in one area, they can be addressed across the whole service to counteract years of unequal access and provision which have continued to fail those in most need. 3,000 words. References Agnew, T. 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